How to format your references using the Hernia citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Hernia. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Adam D (2002) Field trials excluded from UK crop appraisal. Nature 420:453

A journal article with 2 authors

Nowak MA, Sigmund K (2005) Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature 437:1291–1298

A journal article with 3 authors

van Loenhout MTJ, de Grunt MV, Dekker C (2012) Dynamics of DNA supercoils. Science 338:94–97

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Long H, Shi T, Hu H, et al (2014) Growth of hierarchal mesoporous NiO nanosheets on carbon cloth as binder-free anodes for high-performance flexible lithium-ion batteries. Sci Rep 4:7413

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Landragin F (2013) Man-Machine Dialogue. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ USA

An edited book

Ruiz-Shulcloper J, Sanniti di Baja G (2013) Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications: 18th Iberoamerican Congress, CIARP 2013, Havana, Cuba, November 20-23, 2013, Proceedings, Part I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Hansson A, Goossens K (2011) Instantiation. In: Goossens K (ed) On-Chip Interconnect with aelite: Composable and Predictable Systems. Springer, New York, NY, pp 103–120

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Hernia.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) The Biggest Source of Plastic Trash You’ve Never Heard Of. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/biggest-source-plastic-trash-you-ve-never-heard/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1977) Private, Profitmaking Firms’ Reports on Research and Development Contracts with the Environmental Protection Agency Can Be Evaluated Better. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Almasaari AH (2017) Arab American women’s identity crises in Mohja Kahf’s “The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf” and Laila Halaby’s “West of the Jordan.” Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Vecsey G (2010) Three Derby Trainers, Each One of a Kind. New York Times B12

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Hernia
Abbreviation	Hernia
ISSN (print)	1265-4906
ISSN (online)	1248-9204
Scope	Surgery