How to format your references using the Frontiers in Pharmaceutical Medicine and Outcomes Research citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Frontiers in Pharmaceutical Medicine and Outcomes Research. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Rohde, J. R. (2011). Microbiology. Listeria unwinds host DNA. Science 331, 1271–1272.

A journal article with 2 authors

Johansson, L. C., and Norberg, U. M. (2000). Asymmetric toes aid underwater swimming. Nature 407, 582–583.

A journal article with 3 authors

Dunn, F. A., Lankheet, M. J., and Rieke, F. (2007). Light adaptation in cone vision involves switching between receptor and post-receptor sites. Nature 449, 603–606.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Mimee, M., Nadeau, P., Hayward, A., Carim, S., Flanagan, S., Jerger, L., et al. (2018). An ingestible bacterial-electronic system to monitor gastrointestinal health. Science 360, 915–918.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Avdeef, A. (2012). Absorption and Drug Development. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Wartofsky, L., and Van Nostrand, D. eds. (2016). Thyroid Cancer: A Comprehensive Guide to Clinical Management., 3rd ed. 2016. New York, NY: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Fettweis, G., Irmer, R., Windisch, M., Petrovic, D., and Zillmann, P. (2006). “Wireless Connectivity for In Home Audio/Video Networks,” in AmIware Hardware Technology Drivers of Ambient Intelligence, eds. S. Mukherjee, R. M. Aarts, R. Roovers, F. Widdershoven, and M. Ouwerkerk (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands), 51–72.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Frontiers in Pharmaceutical Medicine and Outcomes Research.

Blog post

O`Callaghan, J. (2016). NASA Announces The Discovery Of More Than 1,200 New Exoplanets. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-announces-its-biggest-ever-haul-planets-beyond-solar-system/ (Accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2008). Aviation and the Environment: NextGen and Research and Development Are Keys to Reducing Emissions and Their Impact on Health and Climate. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kane, B. H. (2017). A Qualitative Exploratory Inquiry of Communicating in a Multigenerational Traditional-Rational Organization. Phoenix, AZ: University of Phoenix.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Walsh, M. W. (2016). How Free Electricity Helped Dig $9 Billion Hole in Puerto Rico. New York Times, A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Rohde, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Johansson and Norberg, 2000; Rohde, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Johansson and Norberg, 2000)
Three or more authors: (Mimee et al., 2018)

About the journal

Full journal title	Frontiers in Pharmaceutical Medicine and Outcomes Research
Abbreviation	Front. Pharmacol.
ISSN (online)	1663-9812
Scope	Pharmacology (medical) Pharmacology