How to format your references using the Freshwater Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hillery M. (2010). Physics. Quantum walks through a waveguide maze. Science (New York, N.Y.) 329, 1477–1478

A journal article with 2 authors

Li H. & Durbin R. (2011). Inference of human population history from individual whole-genome sequences. Nature 475, 493–496

A journal article with 3 authors

Johnson K.S., Riser S.C. & Karl D.M. (2010). Nitrate supply from deep to near-surface waters of the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Nature 465, 1062–1065

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Picard F., Kurtev M., Chung N., Topark-Ngarm A., Senawong T., Machado De Oliveira R., et al. (2004). Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-gamma. Nature 429, 771–776

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lewis R.J. Sr. (2008). Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, Sixth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

van der Ark L.A., Bolt D.M., Wang W.-C., Douglas J.A. & Wiberg M. eds (2016). Quantitative Psychology Research: The 80th Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Beijing, 2015. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

A chapter in an edited book

Fairclough S.R. (2015). Choanoflagellates: Perspective on the Origin of Animal Multicellularity. In: Evolutionary Transitions to Multicellular Life: Principles and mechanisms. Advances in Marine Genomics, (Eds I. Ruiz-Trillo & A.M. Nedelcu), pp. 99–116. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Biology.

Blog post

Luntz S. (2015). How Plants Can Become Zombies. IFLScience

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1990). Technology Development: Future Use of NASA’s Large Format Camera Is Uncertain. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Mier L.M. (2012). Monitoring Electron Transfer Reactions using Ultrafast UV-Visible and Infrared Spectroscopy. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Schwartz J. (2017). When an Executive Acts Like a Spoiled Brat. New York Times, BU14

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Hillery, 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Hillery, 2010; Li & Durbin, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Li & Durbin, 2011)
Three authors: (Johnson, Riser & Karl, 2010)
4 or more authors: (Picard et al., 2004)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Biology
Abbreviation	Freshw. Biol.
ISSN (print)	0046-5070
ISSN (online)	1365-2427
Scope	Aquatic Science