How to format your references using the Freshwater Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Zuk M. (2010). Evolution. Dance like no one is watching, sing like no one is listening? Science (New York, N.Y.) 328, 1237–1238

A journal article with 2 authors

Small E.M. & Olson E.N. (2011). Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology. Nature 469, 336–342

A journal article with 3 authors

Son M.Y., Lee J.-K. & Kang Y.C. (2014). Fabrication and electrochemical performance of 0.6Li2MnO3-0.4Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 microspheres by two-step spray-drying process. Scientific reports 4, 5752

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hu Q.-H., Sun L.-G., Xie Z.-Q., Emslie S.D. & Liu X.-D. (2013). Increase in penguin populations during the Little Ice Age in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Scientific reports 3, 2472

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lee M. & Bieker G. (2009). Mastering. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA.

An edited book

Ioannidis Y., Novikov B. & Rachev B. eds (2007). Advances in Databases and Information Systems: 11th East European Conference, ADBIS 2007, Varna, Bulgaria, September 29-October 3, 2007. Proceedings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Selvaggi S. (2007). Diritto d’autore in rete. In: e-Learning: Nuovi strumenti per insegnare, apprendere, comunicare online. (Eds S. Selvaggi, E. Vollono & G. Sicignano), pp. 77–93. Springer, Milano.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Biology.

Blog post

Hale T. (2016). The Helmeted Hornbill Is The Latest “Trend” In The Illegal Wildlife Trade. IFLScience

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2016). GAO Technology Readiness Assessment Guide: Best Practices for Evaluating the Readiness of Technology for Use in Acquisition Programs and Projects--Exposure Draft. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Shackelford V. (2014). Mary’s mandala story: Images of chaos in mandala psychology. Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander S. (2000). Kaukenas’s Magical Night Means Romp for Seton Hall. New York Times, 84

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Zuk, 2010).
This sentence cites two references (Zuk, 2010; Small & Olson, 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Small & Olson, 2011)
Three authors: (Son, Lee & Kang, 2014)
4 or more authors: (Hu et al., 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Biology
Abbreviation	Freshw. Biol.
ISSN (print)	0046-5070
ISSN (online)	1365-2427
Scope	Aquatic Science