How to format your references using the Freshwater Biology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Freshwater Biology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wand A.J. (2001). On the dynamic origins of allosteric activation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 293, 1395

A journal article with 2 authors

Whorton M.R. & MacKinnon R. (2013). X-ray structure of the mammalian GIRK2-βγ G-protein complex. Nature 498, 190–197

A journal article with 3 authors

Young I.R., Zieger S. & Babanin A.V. (2011). Global trends in wind speed and wave height. Science (New York, N.Y.) 332, 451–455

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Hettich C., Schmitt C., Zitzmann J., Kühn S., Gerhardt I. & Sandoghdar V. (2002). Nanometer resolution and coherent optical dipole coupling of two individual molecules. Science (New York, N.Y.) 298, 385–389

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Davies J. (2010). Implementing SSL/TLS Using Cryptography and PKI. Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA.

An edited book

Birge J.R. (2011). Introduction to Stochastic Programming. (Ed. F. Louveaux), Springer, New York, NY.

A chapter in an edited book

Rahman H., Barua S., Ahmed M.U., Begum S. & Hök B. (2016). A Case-Based Classification for Drivers’ Alcohol Detection Using Physiological Signals. In: Internet of Things Technologies for HealthCare: Third International Conference, HealthyIoT 2016, Västerås, Sweden, October 18-19, 2016, Revised Selected Papers. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, (Eds M.U. Ahmed, S. Begum & W. Raad), pp. 22–29. Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Freshwater Biology.

Blog post

Andrew E. (2014). Five edible insects you really should try. IFLScience

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2014). Federal Student Loans: Oversight of Defaulted Loan Rehabilitation Needs Strengthening. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Estrada M.I. (2012). A community risk assessment of the 90806 zip code. California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Pilon M. & Belson K. (2012). Two Sprinters Agree to Runoff For Olympic Spot. New York Times, D1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Wand, 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Wand, 2001; Whorton & MacKinnon, 2013).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Whorton & MacKinnon, 2013)
Three authors: (Young, Zieger & Babanin, 2011)
4 or more authors: (Hettich et al., 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Freshwater Biology
Abbreviation	Freshw. Biol.
ISSN (print)	0046-5070
ISSN (online)	1365-2427
Scope	Aquatic Science