How to format your references using the Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Abbott A (2011) Dementia: a problem for our age. Nature 475:S2-4

A journal article with 2 authors

Pfisterer AB, Schmid B (2002) Diversity-dependent production can decrease the stability of ecosystem functioning. Nature 416:84–86

A journal article with 3 authors

Roopnarine PD, Angielczyk KD, Hertog R (2006) Comment on “Statistical independence of escalatory ecological trends in Phanerozoic marine invertebrates.” Science 314:925; author reply 925

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Pravdo SH, Feigelson ED, Garmire G, et al (2001) Discovery of X-rays from the protostellar outflow object HH2. Nature 413:708–711

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Zinkin J (2013) Rebuilding Trust in Banks. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK

An edited book

Chang HS (2007) Simulation-based Algorithms for Markov Decision Processes. Springer, London

A chapter in an edited book

Kurguzkin M (2006) Evaluation of State of Environment and Monitoring of Hazardous Facilities. In: Kolodkin VM, Ruck W (eds) Ecological Risks Associated with the Destruction of Chemical Weapons. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 41–44

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training.

Blog post

Luntz S (2015) Gene That Sends Roots Downwards Could Save Barley From Drought. In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1988) Space Exploration: Cost, Schedule, and Performance of NASA’s Mars Observer Mission. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Calderwood A (2014) Improving the singer’s understanding of bebop language: Transcription application. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hollander S (2002) History in the Bronx Includes Naismith and Ali. New York Times 814

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Abbott 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Pfisterer and Schmid 2002; Abbott 2011).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Pfisterer and Schmid 2002)
Three or more authors: (Pravdo et al. 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training
Abbreviation	Empir. Res. Vocat. Educ. Train.
ISSN (online)	1877-6345
Scope	Education