How to format your references using the Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Chalker DL (2014) Epigenetics: Keeping one’s sex. Nature 509:430–431

A journal article with 2 authors

Chang JB, Ferrell JE Jr (2013) Mitotic trigger waves and the spatial coordination of the Xenopus cell cycle. Nature 500:603–607

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhang Y, Magan JJ, Blau WJ (2014) A general strategy for hybrid thin film fabrication and transfer onto arbitrary substrates. Sci Rep 4:4822

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Zheng Y, Ren H, Wan W, Chen X (2013) Time-reversed wave mixing in nonlinear optics. Sci Rep 3:3245

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Gasch A, Gasch B (2010) Successfully Choosing Your EMR. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK

An edited book

Debnath L (2015) Wavelet Transforms and Their Applications, 2nd ed. 2015. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA

A chapter in an edited book

Zlotnik A, Zalevsky Z, Borkowski A, et al (2011) Techniques Utilizing Diffractive Masks Having Structures with a Period Non-Limited Randomness. In: Zalevsky Z (ed) Super-Resolved Imaging: Geometrical and Diffraction Approaches. Springer, New York, NY, pp 69–105

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training.

Blog post

Fang J (2015) Have Fossil Fuels Officially Lost to Renewables? In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/have-fossil-fuels-officially-lost-renewables/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1998) Social Security Administration: Software Development Process Improvements Started But Work Remains. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Goldgof GM (2017) Drug Target Discovery Using Designer Drug Sensitive Yeast. Doctoral dissertation, University of California San Diego

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Baker L (2010) A Housing Project That Embraces A City and Nature. New York Times B7

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Chalker 2014).
This sentence cites two references (Chang and Ferrell 2013; Chalker 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Chang and Ferrell 2013)
Three or more authors: (Zheng et al. 2013)

About the journal

Full journal title	Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training
Abbreviation	Empir. Res. Vocat. Educ. Train.
ISSN (online)	1877-6345
Scope	Education