How to format your references using the Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Larson RG (2011) Materials science. Predicting the flow of real polymers. Science 333:1834–1835

A journal article with 2 authors

Veillette A, Davidson D (2014) Immunology: When lymphocytes run out of steam. Nature 510:222–223

A journal article with 3 authors

Achlioptas D, D’Souza RM, Spencer J (2009) Explosive percolation in random networks. Science 323:1453–1455

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Li XP, Xia Q, Qu D, et al (2014) The dynamic dielectric at a brain functional site and an EM wave approach to functional brain imaging. Sci Rep 4:6893

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kurimoto N, Fielding DIK, Musani AI (2011) Endobronchial Ultrasonography. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK

An edited book

Chen D (2016) Growth and Characterization of Bulk Superconductor Material. Springer International Publishing, Cham

A chapter in an edited book

Prasad R, Shah AH, Dhamgaye S (2014) Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Fungi and Their Significance in Biofilms. In: Rumbaugh KP, Ahmad I (eds) Antibiofilm Agents: From Diagnosis to Treatment and Prevention. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 45–65

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training.

Blog post

Andrews R (2016) Why You Should Pee In The Shower, According To Mathematics. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/why-you-should-pee-as-you-shower-according-to-mathematics/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1994) [Comments on DOD Data Center Consolidation Plan]. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Carpenter KJ (2017) The Relationship between School Leadership Practices And School Climate. Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Shpigel B (2017) After 5 Months of Work, U.S. Makes (and Earns) a Vital Point. New York Times B13

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Larson 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Larson 2011; Veillette and Davidson 2014).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Veillette and Davidson 2014)
Three or more authors: (Li et al. 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training
Abbreviation	Empir. Res. Vocat. Educ. Train.
ISSN (online)	1877-6345
Scope	Education