How to format your references using the Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Höfte H (2001) Plant biology. A Baroque residue in red wine. Science 294:795–797

A journal article with 2 authors

Jupp T, Schultz A (2000) A thermodynamic explanation for black smoker temperatures. Nature 403:880–883

A journal article with 3 authors

Arnaud-Haond S, Arrieta JM, Duarte CM (2011) Global genetic resources. Marine biodiversity and gene patents. Science 331:1521–1522

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Sundar VC, Yablon AD, Grazul JL, et al (2003) Fibre-optical features of a glass sponge. Nature 424:899–900

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Morana J (2013) Sustainable Supply Chain Management. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ USA

An edited book

Jobbágy Á (ed) (2012) 5th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering: 14–18 September 2011, Budapest, Hungary. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Belubekyan VM (2008) Stability of a Rectangular Plate Capable of Transverse Shear Deformations. In: Jaiani G, Podio-Guidugli P (eds) IUTAM Symposium on Relations of Shell Plate Beam and 3D Models: Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on the Relations of Shell, Plate, Beam, and 3D Models, Dedicated to the Centenary of Ilia Vekua’s Birth, held in Tbilisi, Georgia, April 23-27, 2007. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 59–65

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training.

Blog post

Andrew E (2015) Trial Will Investigate Use Of MDMA In The Treatment Of Anxiety In Seriously Ill Patients. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/trial-will-investigate-use-mdma-treatment-anxiety-seriously-ill-patients/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1982) Can the Federal Communications Commission Successfully Implement Its Computer II Decision? U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gillaspy KM (2012) Words of Samsara. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wines M (2014) It Only Seems That Political Corruption Is Rampant. New York Times A22

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Höfte 2001).
This sentence cites two references (Jupp and Schultz 2000; Höfte 2001).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Jupp and Schultz 2000)
Three or more authors: (Sundar et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training
Abbreviation	Empir. Res. Vocat. Educ. Train.
ISSN (online)	1877-6345
Scope	Education