How to format your references using the Electronic Commerce Research and Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Pryciak, P.M., 2008. Systems biology. Customized signaling circuits. Science 319, 1489–1490.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nadeau, J.A., Sack, F.D., 2002. Control of stomatal distribution on the Arabidopsis leaf surface. Science 296, 1697–1700.

A journal article with 3 authors

Lamas-Linares, A., Howell, J.C., Bouwmeester, D., 2001. Stimulated emission of polarization-entangled photons. Nature 412, 887–890.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Moreno, P.I., Jacobson, G.L., Jr, Lowell, T.V., Denton, G.H., 2001. Interhemispheric climate links revealed by late-glacial cooling episode in southern Chile. Nature 409, 804–808.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Borgen, U.J., Nakrem, H.A., 2016. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of osteolepiform fish. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

Hellborg, R., Whitlow, H.J., Zhang, Y. (Eds.), 2010. Ion Beams in Nanoscience and Technology, Particle Acceleration and Detection. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Ba, S., Yang, X., 2016. The Impossible Trinity, in: Yang, X. (Ed.), “Internet Plus” Pathways to the Transformation of China’s Property Sector. Springer, Singapore, pp. 51–59.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.

Blog post

Fang, J., 2016. Large Animals Suffer The Highest Trade-Driven Extinction Risk [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/large-animals-suffer-the-highest-tradedriven-extinction-risk/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1973. Additional Costs Incurred in Maintaining the National Industrial Equipment Reserve (NIER) (No. B-125187). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jackson, M.A., 2015. An action research study of collaborative relationhips between psychotherapists and medical doctors (Doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minneapolis, MN.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gordon, M.R., Nechepurenko, I., 2017. U.S. Is Warned After It Downs Syrian Fighter. New York Times A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Pryciak, 2008).
This sentence cites two references (Nadeau and Sack, 2002; Pryciak, 2008).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Nadeau and Sack, 2002)
Three or more authors: (Moreno et al., 2001)

About the journal

Full journal title	Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
Abbreviation	Electron. Commer. Res. Appl.
ISSN (print)	1567-4223
Scope	Management of Technology and Innovation Marketing Computer Networks and Communications Computer Science Applications