How to format your references using the Electronic Commerce Research and Applications citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gravitz, L., 2011. Diagnostics: The early bird. Nature 480, S36-7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Moar, W.J., Anilkumar, K.J., 2007. Plant science. The power of the pyramid. Science 318, 1561–1562.

A journal article with 3 authors

Soukoulis, C.M., Linden, S., Wegener, M., 2007. Physics. Negative refractive index at optical wavelengths. Science 315, 47–49.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Biscaras, J., Hurand, S., Feuillet-Palma, C., Rastogi, A., Budhani, R.C., Reyren, N., Lesne, E., Lesueur, J., Bergeal, N., 2014. Limit of the electrostatic doping in two-dimensional electron gases of LaXO₃(X = Al, Ti)/SrTiO₃. Sci. Rep. 4, 6788.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

DeRosa, D.F., 2013. Foreign Exchange Operations. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Cerny, E., 2010. The Power of Assertions in SystemVerilog, First. ed. Springer US, Boston, MA.

A chapter in an edited book

Rager, O., Becker, M., Beer, A.J., 2013. Head and Neck Cancers, in: Ratib, O., Schwaiger, M., Beyer, T. (Eds.), Atlas of PET/MR Imaging in Oncology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 43–60.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.

Blog post

Hamilton, K., 2016. Why The Deep Space Atomic Clock Is Key For Future Space Exploration [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/space/why-the-deep-space-atomic-clock-is-key-for-future-space-exploration/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 2002. Science And Technology: Air Force’s Planning Process Meets Statutory Requirement (No. GAO-02-273). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ganji, V.G., 2013. Exploring the application of haptic feedback guidance for port crane modernization (Doctoral dissertation). California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gorman, J., 2017. Ancient Guano Reveals a Tale of Penguins Devastated by Volcanoes. New York Times A6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Gravitz, 2011).
This sentence cites two references (Gravitz, 2011; Moar and Anilkumar, 2007).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Moar and Anilkumar, 2007)
Three or more authors: (Biscaras et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
Abbreviation	Electron. Commer. Res. Appl.
ISSN (print)	1567-4223
Scope	Management of Technology and Innovation Marketing Computer Networks and Communications Computer Science Applications