How to format your references using the Computers and Geosciences citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Computers and Geosciences. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Clark, J., 2009. Paleontology. Becoming T. rex. Science 326, 373–374.

A journal article with 2 authors

Reichhardt, C.J.O., Lopatina, L.M., 2009. Materials science. A ball-and-chain polymer model. Science 326, 374–375.

A journal article with 3 authors

Cabanes, C., Cazenave, A., Le Provost, C., 2001. Sea level rise during past 40 years determined from satellite and in situ observations. Science 294, 840–842.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Rinaldi, S., Mura, M., Castagna, A., Fontani, V., 2014. Long-lasting changes in brain activation induced by a single REAC technology pulse in Wi-Fi bands. Randomized double-blind fMRI qualitative study. Sci. Rep. 4, 5668.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Aasma, A., Dutta, H., Natarajan, P.N., 2017. An Introductory Course in Summability Theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Kanzaki, H. (Ed.), 2016. Uterine Endometrial Function. Springer Japan, Tokyo.

A chapter in an edited book

Kirimlioglu, H., Demetris, A.J., Nalesnik, M.A., 2005. Pathological Aspects of Hepatocellular Tumors, in: Carr, B.I. (Ed.), Hepatocellular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment, Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp. 77–115.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Computers and Geosciences.

Blog post

Davis, J., 2015. How Do Balancing Rocks Survive Earthquakes? [WWW Document]. IFLScience. URL https://www.iflscience.com/environment/balancing-rock-survive-due-jumping-earthquakes/ (accessed 10.30.18).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1989. Aircraft Noise: Status and Management of FAA’s West Coast Plan (No. RCED-89-84). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Cappell, S.D., 2010. Systematic analysis of essential genes reveals new regulators of G protein signaling (Doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Crow, K., 2003. ... and Making a Precinct True Blue for the Viewers. New York Times 146.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Clark, 2009).
This sentence cites two references (Clark, 2009; Reichhardt and Lopatina, 2009).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Reichhardt and Lopatina, 2009)
Three or more authors: (Rinaldi et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Computers and Geosciences
Abbreviation	Comput. Geosci.
ISSN (print)	0098-3004
Scope	Information Systems Computers in Earth Sciences