How to format your references using the Comparative Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Comparative Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most reference managers.
BibTeX	BibTeX styles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain, C. 2000. “US Considers Moves to Relieve Morale Crisis at Energy Labs.” Nature 407 (6804): 547–548.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ozanne, Susan E., and C. Nicholas Hales. 2004. “Lifespan: Catch-up Growth and Obesity in Male Mice.” Nature 427 (6973): 411–412.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zhong, Y., L. Zhang, and D. Su. 2000. “Collaborations Tailored for Bioinformatics Projects.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 290 (5499): 2074a.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Jackson, Robert B., Jay L. Banner, Esteban G. Jobbágy, William T. Pockman, and Diana H. Wall. 2002. “Ecosystem Carbon Loss with Woody Plant Invasion of Grasslands.” Nature 418 (6898): 623–626.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Marage, Jean-Paul, and Yvon Mori. 2013. Sonar and Underwater Acoustics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Duffy, Vincent G., ed. 2015. Digital Human Modeling. Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics and Risk Management: Human Modeling: 6th International Conference, DHM 2015, Held as Part of HCI International 2015, Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 2-7, 2015, Proceedings, Part I. Vol. 9184. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Kim, Sun Jung, and Betty Diamond. 2015. “Endogenous Control of Dendritic Cell Activation by miRNA.” In MicroRNAs and Other Non-Coding RNAs in Inflammation, edited by Catherine M. Greene, 85–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Comparative Education.

Blog post

Hale, Tom. 2017. “Gay Vultures Successfully Hatch An Egg In Amsterdam.” IFLScience, IFLScience, June 2. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/gay-vultures-successfully-hatch-an-egg-in-amsterdam/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1995. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Maneuver System Schedule Includes Unnecessary Risk. NSIAD-95-161. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Holvick-Norton, Taryn. 2015. “Becoming Whole: The Process of Individuation for Women and Their Bodies.” Doctoral dissertation, Pacifica Graduate Institute.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams, John. 2017. “A Guide to Writing Guides.” New York Times, May 19, 2017.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Macilwain 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Macilwain 2000; Ozanne and Hales 2004).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Ozanne and Hales 2004)
Three authors: (Zhong, Zhang, and Su 2000)
4 or more authors: (Jackson et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	Comparative Education
Abbreviation	Comp. Educ.
ISSN (print)	0305-0068
ISSN (online)	1360-0486
Scope	Education