How to format your references using the Comparative Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Comparative Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Meunier, Bernard. 2002. “Chemistry. Catalytic Degradation of Chlorinated Phenols.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 296 (5566): 270–271.

A journal article with 2 authors

Lee, June-Yong, and Stephen C. Jameson. 2012. “Immunology. Remembering to Be Tolerant.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 335 (6069): 667–668.

A journal article with 3 authors

Brummelkamp, Thijn R., René Bernards, and Reuven Agami. 2002. “A System for Stable Expression of Short Interfering RNAs in Mammalian Cells.” Science (New York, N.Y.) 296 (5567): 550–553.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Liu, Jianguo, Gretchen C. Daily, Paul R. Ehrlich, and Gary W. Luck. 2003. “Effects of Household Dynamics on Resource Consumption and Biodiversity.” Nature 421 (6922): 530–533.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety. 1998. Guidelines for Safe Warehousing of Chemicals. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Wichert, Reiner, and Helmut Klausing, eds. 2016. Ambient Assisted Living: 8. AAL-Kongress 2015,Frankfurt/M, April 29-30. April, 2015. Advanced Technologies and Societal Change. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

A chapter in an edited book

Acharya, Saujanya, Raja Reddy Kuppili, Lalith K. Chaganti, and Kakoli Bose. 2015. “Proteases in Apoptosis: Protocols and Methods.” In Proteases in Apoptosis: Pathways, Protocols and Translational Advances, edited by Kakoli Bose, 143–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Comparative Education.

Blog post

Fang, Janet. 2015. “Early Humans Could Have Been Using Tools 500,000 Years Earlier Than We Thought.” IFLScience. IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/our-early-ancestors-had-hands-ours-capable-gripping-tools/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 1972. Award of an Army Advanced Development Contract in 1971 to the Boeing Company Calling for the Design Fabrication and Testing of Certain Critical Advanced Technology Components. B-176701. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ambaw, Yonas. 2017. “Promoting the Well-Being of Black Student Athletes: A Grant Proposal.” Doctoral dissertation, Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Baker, Linda. 2009. “Optimism in the Mormon Heartland.” New York Times, May 13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Meunier 2002).
This sentence cites two references (Meunier 2002; Lee and Jameson 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Lee and Jameson 2012)
Three authors: (Brummelkamp, Bernards, and Agami 2002)
4 or more authors: (Liu et al. 2003)

About the journal

Full journal title	Comparative Education
Abbreviation	Comp. Educ.
ISSN (print)	0305-0068
ISSN (online)	1360-0486
Scope	Education