How to format your references using the Clinical Oral Investigations citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Oral Investigations. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Holmes A (2007) Obituary: Alan Graham MacDiarmid (1927-2007). Nature 446:390

A journal article with 2 authors

Bogdanove AJ, Voytas DF (2011) TAL effectors: customizable proteins for DNA targeting. Science 333:1843–1846

A journal article with 3 authors

Nowak MA, Tarnita CE, Wilson EO (2010) The evolution of eusociality. Nature 466:1057–1062

A journal article with 5 or more authors

El Albani A, Bengtson S, Canfield DE, et al (2010) Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago. Nature 466:100–104

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Graham L (2010) Complying with Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ

An edited book

Omelchenko A, Pivovarov AA, Swindall WJ (2005) Modern Tools and Methods of Water Treatment for Improving Living Standards: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Modern Tools and Methods of Water Treatment for Improving Living Standards Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine 19–22 November 2003. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht

A chapter in an edited book

May CJ, Johnson K, Weyker JR (2016) Experimental Approaches to Loving-Kindness Meditation and Mindfulness That Bridge the Gap Between Clinicians and Researchers. In: Shonin E, Gordon WV, Griffiths MD (eds) Mindfulness and Buddhist-Derived Approaches in Mental Health and Addiction. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 85–93

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Oral Investigations.

Blog post

Davis J (2016) Scotland Generated More Wind Power Than It Used For An Entire Day. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/environment/scotland-generated-more-wind-power-than-it-used-for-an-entire-day/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2007) Emergency Management: Most School Districts Have Developed Emergency Management Plans, but Would Benefit from Additional Federal Guidance. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Whitesides VJ (2017) The Large Ensemble/European Classical Music Paradigm and African American-Originated Dance-Musicking: A Dispositival Analysis of U.S. Secondary Music Education. Doctoral dissertation, George Washington University

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gordon L (2010) Who’s White? New York Times BR1

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Oral Investigations
Abbreviation	Clin. Oral Investig.
ISSN (print)	1432-6981
ISSN (online)	1436-3771
Scope	General Dentistry

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