How to format your references using the Clinical Oral Investigations citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Oral Investigations. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Turok N (2011) Africa AIMS high. Nature 474:567–569

A journal article with 2 authors

Nussenzweig MC, Mellman I (2011) Ralph Steinman (1943-2011). Nature 478:460

A journal article with 3 authors

Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH (2007) Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science 316:1328–1331

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Leininger S, Urich T, Schloter M, et al (2006) Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature 442:806–809

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Sharkh SM, Abusara MA, Orfanoudakis GI, Hussain B (2014) Power Electronic Converters for Microgrids. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore

An edited book

Alekseenko SV (2007) Theory of Concentrated Vortices: An Introduction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Huang C, Fan Y (2005) Knowledge Structuring and Evaluation Based on Grey Theory. In: Wang L, Jin Y (eds) Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery: Second International Conference, FSKD 2005, Changsha, China, August 27-29, 2005, Proceedings, Part I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 26–30

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Oral Investigations.

Blog post

O`Callaghan J (2017) The First “Space Nation” Wants You To Live On Their Orbital Space Station. In: IFLScience. https://www.iflscience.com/space/the-first-space-nation-wants-you-to-live-on-their-orbital-space-station/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2000) Federal Research: DOE Is Providing Independent Review of the Scientific Merit of Its Research. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Moran JA (2009) Investigating the circumstellar environments of young stars with the PROMPT polarimeter. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Koblin J (2016) Scripted TV Shows Balloon, but Some Fear a Pop. New York Times B2

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Oral Investigations
Abbreviation	Clin. Oral Investig.
ISSN (print)	1432-6981
ISSN (online)	1436-3771
Scope	General Dentistry