How to format your references using the Clinical Oral Investigations citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Oral Investigations. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Strong M (2005) Scientists and societies. Community outreach. Nature 434:418

A journal article with 2 authors

Cepko C, Punzo C (2015) Cell metabolism: Sugar for sight. Nature 522:428–429

A journal article with 3 authors

Chien KR, Domian IJ, Parker KK (2008) Cardiogenesis and the complex biology of regenerative cardiovascular medicine. Science 322:1494–1497

A journal article with 5 or more authors

Huang L-C, Pan X, Yang H, et al (2013) Linking genotype to phenotype on beads: high throughput selection of peptides with biological function. Sci Rep 3:3030

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Yang S, Xu J-X, Li X, Shen D (2017) Iterative Learning Control for Multi-agent Systems Coordination. John Wiley & Sons Singapore Pte. Ltd, Singapore

An edited book

Ziegler A, Graafsma H, Zhang XF, Frenken JWM (2014) In-situ Materials Characterization: Across Spatial and Temporal Scales. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

A chapter in an edited book

Gaskó N, Lung RI, Dumitrescu D (2012) Strong Berge and Strong Berge Pareto Equilibrium Detection Using an Evolutionary Approach. In: Precup R-E, Kovács S, Preitl S, Petriu EM (eds) Applied Computational Intelligence in Engineering and Information Technology: Revised and Selected Papers from the 6th IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics SACI 2011. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 51–58

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Oral Investigations.

Blog post

Andrew E (2014) Genetic Analysis Determines Age of Y-Chromosome ‘Adam.’ In: IFLScience. Accessed 30 Oct 2018

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (2009) Transportation Worker Identification Credential: Progress Made in Enrolling Workers and Activating Credentials but Evaluation Plan Needed to Help Inform the Implementation of Card Readers. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Hirschy MA (2015) Differences in usage of federally funded insurance options by women. Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Long Beach

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Isaac M (2017) Uber’s Use of ‘Greyball’ Tool to Evade Authorities Spurs U.S. Inquiry. New York Times B3

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Oral Investigations
Abbreviation	Clin. Oral Investig.
ISSN (print)	1432-6981
ISSN (online)	1436-3771
Scope	General Dentistry