How to format your references using the Clinical Nuclear Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Nuclear Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Cooper C. David Barker (1938-2013). Nature. 2013;502:304.

A journal article with 2 authors

Naya Y, Suzuki WA. Integrating what and when across the primate medial temporal lobe. Science. 2011;333:773–776.

A journal article with 3 authors

King J-R, Bekinschtein T, Dehaene S. Comment on “Preserved feedforward but impaired top-down processes in the vegetative state.” Science. 2011;334:1203; author reply 1203.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Babazadeh R, Furukawa T, Hohmann S, et al. Rewiring yeast osmostress signalling through the MAPK network reveals essential and non-essential roles of Hog1 in osmoadaptation. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4697.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Bowling J. Diagnostic Dermoscopy. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

Ochsner A, Altenbach H, editors. Advances in Bio-Mechanical Systems and Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Dawson DA, Greven A. Formulation of the Main Results in the General Case. In: Greven A, editor. Spatial Fleming-Viot Models with Selection and Mutation. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014. page 55–104.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Nuclear Medicine.

Blog post

Taub B. Common Painkiller Could Make You Less Able To Feel Empathy [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/common-painkiller-could-make-you-less-able-feel-empathy/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Department of Transportation: Key Issues and Management Challenges, 2013. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2013. Report No.: GAO-13-402T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Martinez NM. The influence of formal and informal support on the quality of life of individuals with a severe mental illness [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Goldman A, Schmidt MS. F.B.I. Nominee Backs Russia Inquiry and Pledges to Resist White House Pressure. New York Times. 2017;A16.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Nuclear Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Nucl. Med.
ISSN (print)	0363-9762
ISSN (online)	1536-0229
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging