How to format your references using the Clinical Nuclear Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Nuclear Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Gasparini NM. Earth science: A fresh look at river flow. Nature. 2014;513:490–491.

A journal article with 2 authors

Liberles SD, Buck LB. A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium. Nature. 2006;442:645–650.

A journal article with 3 authors

Pahwa S, Scoglio C, Scala A. Abruptness of cascade failures in power grids. Sci Rep. 2014;4:3694.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Barrera NP, Di Bartolo N, Booth PJ, et al. Micelles protect membrane complexes from solution to vacuum. Science. 2008;321:243–246.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Levy D. Practical Diabetes Care. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

Reible D, Lanczos T, editors. Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments Bratislava, Slovak Republic 18–21 May 2005. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

Bianchi S, Pianese A. Scaling Laws in Stock Markets. An Analysis of Prices and Volumes. In: Perna C, Sibillo M, editors. Mathematical and Statistical Methods in Insurance and Finance. Milano: Springer; 2008. page 35–42.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Nuclear Medicine.

Blog post

Andrew E. New Perfume Smells Stronger As You Sweat [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/new-perfume-smells-stronger-you-sweat/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Educational Achievement Standards: NAGB’s Approach Yields Misleading Interpretations. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1993. Report No.: PEMD-93-12.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

McDuffie CA. Melodies of intervention: Music therapy for transitional-age youth: A grant proposal [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Williams J. An Actor’s ‘Always-Changing’ Bond With Faith. New York Times. 2017;C4.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Nuclear Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Nucl. Med.
ISSN (print)	0363-9762
ISSN (online)	1536-0229
Scope	General Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging