How to format your references using the Clinical Investigation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Investigation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Smaglik P. Rewarding experience. Nature. 425(6960), 879 (2003).

A journal article with 2 authors

Von Hippel D, Hayes P. International security. Energy security for North Korea. Science. 316(5829), 1288–1289 (2007).

A journal article with 3 authors

Araki H, Cooper B, Blouin MS. Genetic effects of captive breeding cause a rapid, cumulative fitness decline in the wild. Science. 318(5847), 100–103 (2007).

A journal article with 7 or more authors

King-Casas B, Sharp C, Lomax-Bream L, Lohrenz T, Fonagy P, Montague PR. The rupture and repair of cooperation in borderline personality disorder. Science. 321(5890), 806–810 (2008).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Hagen J. Chemiereaktoren. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany.

An edited book

Gavrilova ML, Tan CJK, editors. Transactions on Computational Science III. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Baronti M, De Mari F, van der Putten R, Venturi I. Sequences. In: Calculus Problems. De Mari F, van der Putten R, Venturi I (Eds.), Springer International Publishing, Cham, 53–64 (2016).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Investigation.

Blog post

Andrews R. HPV Vaccine Halves Cervical Cancer Rates In Just 10 Years [Internet]. IFLScience (2016). Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/hpv-vaccine-halves-cervical-cancer-rates-just-10-years/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Administration of the Science Education Project “Man: A Course of Study”(MACOS). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Gramajo GG. Guidance control of small UAV with energy and maneuverability limitations for a search and coverage mission. (2014).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Eligon J. Perseverance Pays for Ward, a New Champion and, Maybe, the Sport’s Next Big Star. New York Times, D3 (2016).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Investigation
Abbreviation	Clin. Investig. (Lond.)
ISSN (print)	2041-6792
ISSN (online)	2041-6806
Scope