How to format your references using the Clinical Investigation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical Investigation. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Hirth G. Earth science: Missing link in mantle dynamics. Nature. 507(7490), 42–43 (2014).

A journal article with 2 authors

Hemmer P, Gomes C. Physics. Single proteins under a diamond spotlight. Science. 347(6226), 1072–1073 (2015).

A journal article with 3 authors

Wu W, Wen X, Wang ZL. Taxel-addressable matrix of vertical-nanowire piezotronic transistors for active and adaptive tactile imaging. Science. 340(6135), 952–957 (2013).

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Saal AE, Hauri EH, Langmuir CH, Perfit MR. Vapour undersaturation in primitive mid-ocean-ridge basalt and the volatile content of Earth’s upper mantle. Nature. 419(6906), 451–455 (2002).

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Lemaire M. Mechanics and Uncertainty. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.

An edited book

König A, Dengel A, Hinkelmann K, Kise K, Howlett RJ, Jain LC, editors. Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems: 15th International Conference, KES 2011, Kaiserslautern, Germany, September 12-14, 2011, Proceedings, Part I. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Ainley J, Enger L, Searle D. Students in a Digital Age: Implications of ICT for Teaching and Learning. In: International Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education. Voogt J, Knezek G (Eds.), Springer US, Boston, MA, 63–80 (2008).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical Investigation.

Blog post

Davis J. $460 Million Pledged to Vaccine Initiative To Help Tackle Emerging Infectious Diseases [Internet]. IFLScience (2017). Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/460-million-pledged-to-vaccine-initiative-to-help-tackle-emerging-infectious-diseases/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Status of Implementation of GAO Recommendations on Evacuation of Transportation-Disadvantaged Populations and Patients and Residents of Health Care Facilities. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kim M. Adult ESL Korean readers’ responses about their reading in L1 Korean and L2 English. (2010).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Stewart JB. The Return of Goldman Sachs. New York Times, B1 (2017).

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical Investigation
Abbreviation	Clin. Investig. (Lond.)
ISSN (print)	2041-6792
ISSN (online)	2041-6806
Scope