How to format your references using the Clinical and Experimental Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Clinical and Experimental Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Ford AT. The mechanistic pathways of trophic interactions in human-occupied landscapes. Science. 2015;350:1175.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Wilson RI, Nicoll RA. Endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. Science. 2002;296:678–82.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Ma H, Aihara K, Chen L. Detecting causality from nonlinear dynamics with short-term time series. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7464.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Han J-H, Kushner SA, Yiu AP, Hsiang H-LL, Buch T, Waisman A, et al. Selective erasure of a fear memory. Science. 2009;323:1492–6.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Greiman VA. Megaproject Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

1. Chandrappa R. Coping with Climate Change: Principles and Asian Context. Kulshrestha UC, Gupta S, editors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2011.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Strickland P, Williams KM, Laing J, Frost W. The Use of Social Media in the Wine Event Industry: A Case Study of the High Country Harvest in Australia. In: Szolnoki G, Thach L, Kolb D, editors. Successful Social Media and Ecommerce Strategies in the Wine Industry. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US; 2016. p. 74–92.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Clinical and Experimental Medicine.

Blog post

1. Hamilton K. Small Tropical Islands Could Become The World’s First 100% Renewable Nations. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Computer Reservation Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992 Jun. Report No.: RCED-92-225R.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Thiss PJ. Effects of dedicated academic support services on the persistence rates of California Community College student-athletes [Doctoral dissertation]. [Scottsdale, AZ]: Northcentral University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Kanter J. E.U. Plans Big Increase in Military Spending. New York Times. 2016 Nov 30;A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Abbreviation	Clin. Exp. Med.
ISSN (online)	1591-9528
Scope	General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology General Medicine