How to format your references using the Canadian Journal of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Canadian Journal of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Crothers DM. Biophysics. Fine tuning gene regulation. Science. 2013 Feb 15;339(6121):766–7.

A journal article with 2 authors

Nimmo F, Pappalardo RT. Diapir-induced reorientation of Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Nature. 2006 Jun 1;441(7093):614–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ochedowski O, Bussmann BK, Schleberger M. Graphene on mica - intercalated water trapped for life. Sci Rep. 2014 Aug 18;4:6003.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Shankaran V, Ikeda H, Bruce AT, White JM, Swanson PE, Old LJ, et al. IFNgamma and lymphocytes prevent primary tumour development and shape tumour immunogenicity. Nature. 2001 Apr 26;410(6832):1107–11.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Escarpa A, González MC, López MÁ. Agricultural and Food Electroanalysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.

An edited book

Wang D. Robust Filtering and Fault Detection of Switched Delay Systems. Shi P, Wang W, editors. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. XIV, 148 p. 31 illus. (Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences; vol. 445).

A chapter in an edited book

Heitzer M, Eckert A, Fuhrmann M, Griesbeck C. Influence of Codon Bias on the Expression of Foreign Genes in Microalgae. In: León R, Galván A, Fernández E, editors. Transgenic Microalgae as Green Cell Factories. New York, NY: Springer; 2007. p. 46–53. (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Canadian Journal of Surgery.

Blog post

Taub B. New Research Shows How The Iron Curtain Blocked The Spread Of HIV To The East [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/new-research-shows-how-the-iron-curtain-blocked-the-spread-of-hiv-to-the-east/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Highway Bridge Program: Clearer Goals and Performance Measures Needed for a More Focused and Sustainable Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2008 Sep. Report No.: GAO-08-1127T.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sindel J. Vulnerability towards disordered eating in students registered in general education nutrition classes [Doctoral dissertation]. [Long Beach, CA]: California State University, Long Beach; 2013.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Greenhouse L. Justices Hear Arguments On Autism-Case Dispute. New York Times. 2007 Feb 28;A12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Canadian Journal of Surgery
Abbreviation	Can. J. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0008-428X
ISSN (online)	1488-2310
Scope	Surgery