How to format your references using the Canadian Journal of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Canadian Journal of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Figer DF. An upper limit to the masses of stars. Nature. 2005 Mar 10;434(7030):192–4.

A journal article with 2 authors

Fyodorov DV, Kadonaga JT. Dynamics of ATP-dependent chromatin assembly by ACF. Nature. 2002 Aug 22;418(6900):897–900.

A journal article with 3 authors

Dillon RJ, Vennard CT, Charnley AK. Exploitation of gut bacteria in the locust. Nature. 2000 Feb 24;403(6772):851.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Passafaro M, Nakagawa T, Sala C, Sheng M. Induction of dendritic spines by an extracellular domain of AMPA receptor subunit GluR2. Nature. 2003 Aug 7;424(6949):677–81.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

O’Connor K, Aardema F. Clinician’s Handbook for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Whitaker H, Smith CUM, Finger S, editors. Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2007. XIII, 376 p.

A chapter in an edited book

Kramer M. The Double Pulsar: A Unique Lab for Relativistic Plasma Physics and Tests of General Relativity. In: Becker W, editor. Neutron Stars and Pulsars. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 73–90. (Astrophysics and Space Science Library).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Canadian Journal of Surgery.

Blog post

Andrew D. Why Girls Are Put Off Studying Computer Science [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2017 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/technology/why-girls-are-put-off-studying-computer-science/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Air Traffic Control: Complete and Enforced Architecture Needed for FAA Systems Modernization. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1997 Feb. Report No.: AIMD-97-30.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Popoveniuc S. A framework for secure mixnet-based electronic voting [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

ABBY GOODNOUGH; Linda Brockman contributed reporting from Fort Lauderdale for this article. Wanting Facts Firsthand, Teenager Makes Secret Trip to Iraq. New York Times. 2005 Dec 31;A10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Canadian Journal of Surgery
Abbreviation	Can. J. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0008-428X
ISSN (online)	1488-2310
Scope	Surgery