How to format your references using the Canadian Journal of Surgery citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Canadian Journal of Surgery. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lehn JM. Toward self-organization and complex matter. Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2400–3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gilg O, Yoccoz NG. Ecology. Explaining bird migration. Science. 2010 Jan 15;327(5963):276–7.

A journal article with 3 authors

Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):782–7.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Maroun F, Ozanam F, Magnussen OM, Behm RJ. The role of atomic ensembles in the reactivity of bimetallic electrocatalysts. Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1811–4.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Kubicek CP. Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.

An edited book

de la Peña L. The Emerging Quantum: The Physics Behind Quantum Mechanics. Cetto AM, Valdés Hernández A, editors. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. XIII, 366 p. 9 illus.

A chapter in an edited book

Litster S, Djilali N. Performance Analysis of Microstructured Fuel Cells for Portable Applications. In: Kakaç S, Pramuanjaroenkij A, Vasiliev L, editors. Mini-Micro Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2008. p. 47–74. (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Canadian Journal of Surgery.

Blog post

Hamilton K. Poaching Increases African Elephants Born Without Tusks [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2016 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/poaching-increases-african-elephants-born-without-tusks/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. New Alien Identification System--Little Help in Stopping Illegal Aliens. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1979 May. Report No.: GGD-79-44.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Collette JC. Validation of the tgFgfr1-EGFP Mouse Line as a Tool to Study Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Cellular Localization and Expression After Experimental Manipulations [Doctoral dissertation]. [ Lafayette, LA]: University of Louisiana; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Palmer E, Otis J. Lifting Hope, With Global Reach. New York Times. 2017 Apr 8;A19.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Canadian Journal of Surgery
Abbreviation	Can. J. Surg.
ISSN (print)	0008-428X
ISSN (online)	1488-2310
Scope	Surgery