How to format your references using the BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Mank JE. Evolution. Sexual selection and Darwin’s mystery of mysteries. Science. 2009;326:1639–40.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Settembre C, Ballabio A. Cell metabolism: autophagy transcribed. Nature. 2014;516:40–1.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Cattadori IM, Haydon DT, Hudson PJ. Parasites and climate synchronize red grouse populations. Nature. 2005;433:737–41.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Murakami M, Hirose K, Kawamura K, Sata N, Ohishi Y. Post-perovskite phase transition in MgSiO3. Science. 2004;304:855–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Ancheyta J. Deactivation of Heavy Oil Hydroprocessing Catalysts. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2016.

An edited book

1. Park J-Y, editor. Sports Injuries to the Shoulder and Elbow. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Ji J, Jin Q. Photo-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for On-Demand Drug Delivery. In: Prokop A, Iwasaki Y, Harada A, editors. Intracellular Delivery II: Fundamentals and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 93–113.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. How Jaws Kicked Off Our 40-Year Love Affair With Sharks. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/how-jaws-kicked-our-40-year-love-affair-sharks/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Software Development: Effective Practices and Federal Challenges in Applying Agile Methods. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2012.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Thiagarajan TT. A Simple and Effective Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Reduction Approach Based on Iterative Companding Transform and Filtering Framework of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Signal. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Eligon J. From Angry Student to Board Member. New York Times. 2017;:A10.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
Abbreviation	BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord.
ISSN (online)	1472-6815
Scope	Otorhinolaryngology