How to format your references using the BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

1. Vogel G. GENOMICS: Sanger Will Sequence Zebrafish Genome. Science. 2000;290:1671b.

A journal article with 2 authors

1. Enright MC, Spratt BG. Genomics. The genomic view of bacterial diversification. Science. 2011;331:407–9.

A journal article with 3 authors

1. Hoeppner DJ, Hengartner MO, Schnabel R. Engulfment genes cooperate with ced-3 to promote cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 2001;412:202–6.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

1. Polin M, Tuval I, Drescher K, Gollub JP, Goldstein RE. Chlamydomonas swims with two “gears” in a eukaryotic version of run-and-tumble locomotion. Science. 2009;325:487–90.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

1. Bécherrawy T. Mechanical and Electromagnetic Vibrations and Waves. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2012.

An edited book

1. Ferrario M, Ciccotti G, Binder K, editors. Computer Simulations in Condensed Matter Systems: From Materials to Chemical Biology Volume 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006.

A chapter in an edited book

1. Pohlmann M. The Migration of Elites in a Borderless World: Citizenship as an Incentive for Professionals and Managers? In: Pohlmann M, Yang J, Lee J-H, editors. Citizenship and Migration in the Era of Globalization: The Flow of Migrants and the Perception of Citizenship in Asia and Europe. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2013. p. 59–70.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders.

Blog post

1. Andrew E. The Mathematics Of Pixar Movies. IFLScience. 2015. https://www.iflscience.com/technology/how-much-math-needed-make-pixar-movie/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

1. Government Accountability Office. Public Transportation: Opportunities Exist to Improve the Communication and Transparency of Changes Made to the New Starts Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2005.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

1. Chotkevys DL. A grounded theory study to explore how nurses overcome barriers to spiritual care. Doctoral dissertation. University of Phoenix; 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

1. Barry D. A Singular Moment, And a Mix of Emotion Stored for a Decade. New York Times. 2011;:F9.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders
Abbreviation	BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord.
ISSN (online)	1472-6815
Scope	Otorhinolaryngology