How to format your references using the American Journal of Sonography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Sonography (AJS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wassarman PM. Development. The sperm’s sweet tooth. Science 2011;333:1708–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hoffmann AA, Sgrò CM. Climate change and evolutionary adaptation. Nature 2011;470:479–85.

A journal article with 3 authors

Baron-Cohen S, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK. Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science 2005;310:819–23.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Krenner W, Kühne D, Klappenberger F, Barth JV. Assessment of scanning tunneling spectroscopy modes inspecting electron confinement in surface-confined supramolecular networks. Sci Rep 2013;3:1454.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Chan NH, Wong HY. Simulation Techniques in Financial Risk Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2006.

An edited book

Aggarwal VK, Govella K, editors. Linking Trade and Security: Evolving Institutions and Strategies in Asia, Europe, and the United States. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

Woolf NJ, Priel A, Tuszynski JA. Nanocarriers and Intracellular Transport: Moving Along the Cytoskeletal Matrix. In: Priel A, Tuszynski JA, eds. Nanoneuroscience: Structural and Functional Roles of the Neuronal Cytoskeleton in Health and Disease. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 129–76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Sonography.

Blog post

Andrews R. NASA Finds Young Volcano On Mars That Outlived The Dinosaurs. IFLScience 2017. (October 30, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.iflscience.com/space/nasa-young-volcano-mars-outlived-dinosaurs/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. District of Columbia: D.C. Public Schools’ Modernization Program Faces Major Challenges. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2002.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Rakusin LL. Intervening to reduce adolescent substance abuse: A grant proposal. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Murphy MJO. The Rise of Modigliani’s Profile, and the Asking Prices for His Works. New York Times. November 13, 2015:C36.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference ^[1].
This sentence cites two references ^[1,2].
This sentence cites four references ^[1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Sonography
ISSN (print)	2572-4711
ISSN (online)	2572-472X
Scope

Research and Writing Guides