How to format your references using the American Journal of Sonography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Sonography (AJS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bourzac K. Microbiome: the bacterial tightrope. Nature 2014;516:S14-6.

A journal article with 2 authors

Potter NE, Greaves M. Cancer: Persistence of leukaemic ancestors. Nature 2014;506:300–1.

A journal article with 3 authors

Saborio GP, Permanne B, Soto C. Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding. Nature 2001;411:810–3.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Richter C, Wunsch M, Rasheed M, Kötter I, Badran MI. Endoscopic exploration of Red Sea coral reefs reveals dense populations of cavity-dwelling sponges. Nature 2001;413:726–30.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Spence R. Introductory Circuits. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2008.

An edited book

Hawkesford MJ, Kopriva S, De Kok LJ, editors. Nutrient Use Efficiency in Plants: Concepts and Approaches. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2014.

A chapter in an edited book

Delfour MC. Representations, Composition, and Decomposition of C 1,1-hypersurfaces. In: Kunisch K, Sprekels J, Leugering G, Tröltzsch F, eds. Optimal Control of Coupled Systems of Partial Differential Equations. Basel: Birkhäuser; 2009. p. 85–104.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Sonography.

Blog post

Andrew E. Young People And E-Cigarettes: What We Know So Far. IFLScience 2015. (October 30, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/young-people-and-e-cigarettes-what-we-know-so-far/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Recommendation for Improving Testing of EF-111A Tactical Jamming System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1978.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Nunez FV. A study of the application of the concepts of Karen Horney in leadership development within the National Management Association of the Boeing Company. 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Itzkoff D, Kelly D. Music Chronicle. New York Times. December 4, 2005:724.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference ^[1].
This sentence cites two references ^[1,2].
This sentence cites four references ^[1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Sonography
ISSN (print)	2572-4711
ISSN (online)	2572-472X
Scope