How to format your references using the American Journal of Sonography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for American Journal of Sonography (AJS). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Wehrwein P. Stem cells: Repeat to fade. Nature 2012;492:S12-3.

A journal article with 2 authors

Elmquist JK, Flier JS. Neuroscience. The fat-brain axis enters a new dimension. Science 2004;304:63–4.

A journal article with 3 authors

Bose HS, Lingappa VR, Miller WL. Rapid regulation of steroidogenesis by mitochondrial protein import. Nature 2002;417:87–91.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Feldser DM, Kostova KK, Winslow MM, et al. Stage-specific sensitivity to p53 restoration during lung cancer progression. Nature 2010;468:572–5.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Minelli M, Chambers M, Dhiraj A. Big Data, Big Analytics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2013.

An edited book

Wee Sit E, editor. Sensors and Instrumentation, Volume 5: Proceedings of the 34th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics 2016. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Amaris H, Alonso M, Ortega CA. Reactive Power Optimization. In: Alonso M, Alvarez Ortega C, eds. Reactive Power Management of Power Networks with Wind Generation. London: Springer; 2013. p. 55–76.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for American Journal of Sonography.

Blog post

Andrews R. New Drug Appears To Eliminate Type 2 Diabetes For First Time. IFLScience 2017. (October 30, 2018). Retrieved from https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/drug-appears-eliminate-type-2-diabetes-first-time/.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Status of Farmers Home Administration Efforts To Install Office Automation. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Loretz N. Human trafficking: Identification, education, and awareness: A grant proposal. 2009.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Talmadge C. A Military Budget Without a Plan. New York Times. March 6, 2017:A23.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference ^[1].
This sentence cites two references ^[1,2].
This sentence cites four references ^[1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	American Journal of Sonography
ISSN (print)	2572-4711
ISSN (online)	2572-472X
Scope