How to format your references using the Alternatives to Animal Experimentation citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Alternatives to Animal Experimentation (ALTEX). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Goldston, D. (2007). Climate of opportunity. Nature 445, 248

A journal article with 2 authors

Showalter, M. R. and Hamilton, D. P. (2015). Resonant interactions and chaotic rotation of Pluto’s small moons. Nature 522, 45–49

A journal article with 3 authors

MacMicking, J. D., Taylor, G. A. and McKinney, J. D. (2003). Immune control of tuberculosis by IFN-gamma-inducible LRG-47. Science 302, 654–659

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Campbell, P. J., Yachida, S., Mudie, L. J. et al. (2010). The patterns and dynamics of genomic instability in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Nature 467, 1109–1113

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Cremona, C. (2013). Structural Performance. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Mori, K., Sakuma, I., Sato, Y. et al. (eds.) (2013). Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2013: 16th International Conference, Nagoya, Japan, September 22-26, 2013, Proceedings, Part I. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Li, X. and Mao, Y. (2016). Sharp Bounds of the Generalized (Edge-)Connectivity. In Y. Mao (ed.), Generalized Connectivity of Graphs (41–57). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Alternatives to Animal Experimentation.

Blog post

Andrew, E. (2014). Cancer Could Be As Old As Multicellular Life Itself. IFLScience. Available at: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/cancer-could-be-old-multicellular-life-itself/ [Accessed October 30, 2018].

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office (1992). Air Traffic Control: Challenges Facing FAA’s Modernization Program. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Sammons, J. L. (2012). Perceived benefits of and barriers to physical exercise in people with severe mental illness. Doctoral dissertation. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodgman, J. (2017). Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman. New York Times, MM22

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Goldston, 2007).
This sentence cites two references (Goldston, 2007; Showalter and Hamilton, 2015).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Showalter and Hamilton, 2015)
Three or more authors: (Campbell et al., 2010)

About the journal

Full journal title	Alternatives to Animal Experimentation
ISSN (print)	0946-7785
Scope