How to format your references using the African Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for African Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Brenner SE. Common sense for our genomes. Nature 2007;449:783–4.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Chong CR, Sullivan DJ Jr. New uses for old drugs. Nature 2007;448:645–6.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Martinson BC, Anderson MS, de Vries R. Scientists behaving badly. Nature 2005;435:737–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Enard W, Przeworski M, Fisher SE, Lai CSL, Wiebe V, Kitano T, et al. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 2002;418:869–72.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Hobkirk JA, Gill DS, Jones SP, Hemmings KW, Bassi GS, O’Donnell AL, et al. Hypodontia. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Bigot J-Y, Hübner W, Rasing T, Chantrell R, editors. Ultrafast Magnetism I: Proceedings of the International Conference UMC 2013 Strasbourg, France, October 28th - November 1st, 2013. vol. 159. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Ansari M, Khan B, Luján M, Kotselidis C, Kirkham C, Watson I. Improving Performance by Reducing Aborts in Hardware Transactional Memory. In: Patt YN, Foglia P, Duesterwald E, Faraboschi P, Martorell X, editors. High Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers: 5th International Conference, HiPEAC 2010, Pisa, Italy, January 25-27, 2010. Proceedings, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2010, p. 35–49.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for African Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. Harbor Seal Pup Dies After Being Put In Tote Bag. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/harbor-seal-pup-dies-after-being-put-in-tote-bag/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: Light Truck Average Fuel Economy Standard, Model Year 2002. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2000.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Martinez W. “Straight Talk” on preventing HIV program—a grant thesis project. Doctoral dissertation. California State University, Long Beach, 2010.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Brantley B. That Close-Up, in Fine Focus. New York Times 2017:C1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	African Journal of Emergency Medicine
Abbreviation	Afr. J. Emerg. Med.
ISSN (print)	2211-419X
Scope	Emergency Medicine