How to format your references using the African Journal of Emergency Medicine citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for African Journal of Emergency Medicine. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Leonard KE. Perspective: Beyond the neural circuits. Nature 2015;522:S56.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Li G-W, Xie XS. Central dogma at the single-molecule level in living cells. Nature 2011;475:308–15.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Gordon AL, Susanto RD, Vranes K. Cool Indonesian throughflow as a consequence of restricted surface layer flow. Nature 2003;425:824–8.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

[1]

Seres J, Seres E, Landgraf B, Ecker B, Aurand B, Hoffmann A, et al. Parametric amplification of attosecond pulse trains at 11 nm. Sci Rep 2014;4:4254.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Morris AE, Geiger G, Fine HA. Handbook on Material and Energy Balance Calculations in Material Processing. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.

An edited book

[1]

Bonino S, editor. Aspetti psicologici nella sclerosi multipla: Dalla diagnosi alla gestione della malattia. Milano: Springer; 2013.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Nandram S, Joshi A. An Ethics of Care Induced from Kautilya’s Wisdom. In: Chatterji M, Zsolnai L, editors. Ethical Leadership: Indian and European Spiritual Approaches, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2016, p. 53–69.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for African Journal of Emergency Medicine.

Blog post

[1]

Hale T. Can You Flush A Toilet With Liquid Mercury? Kind Of. IFLScience 2016. https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/can-you-flush-a-toilet-with-liquid-mercury-kind-of/ (accessed October 30, 2018).

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Efforts To Comply With P.L. 94-142 and Selected Youth Services Administration Management Functions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1986.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Kyriacou A. A method of verification of the total treatment time for the APBI (Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation) devices: Contura Multilumen Balloon and SAVI applicator. Doctoral dissertation. Florida Atlantic University, 2011.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Crow K. Snug as a Dog in a Baby Carrier Is the Latest Refrain for Pet Lovers. New York Times 2000:145.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1,2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	African Journal of Emergency Medicine
Abbreviation	Afr. J. Emerg. Med.
ISSN (print)	2211-419X
Scope	Emergency Medicine