How to format your references using the African Journal of Disability citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for African Journal of Disability (AJOD). For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Running, S.W., 2012, ‘Ecology. A measurable planetary boundary for the biosphere’, Science (New York, N.Y.), 337(6101), 1458–1459.

A journal article with 2 authors

Pevzner, P. & Shamir, R., 2009, ‘Computing has changed biology--biology education must catch up’, Science (New York, N.Y.), 325(5940), 541–542.

A journal article with 3 authors

Orlove, B.S., Chiang, J.C. & Cane, M.A., 2000, ‘Forecasting Andean rainfall and crop yield from the influence of El Nino on Pleiades visibility’, Nature, 403(6765), 68–71.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

Makarov, E.M., Makarova, O.V., Urlaub, H., Gentzel, M., Will, C.L., Wilm, M. & Lührmann, R., 2002, ‘Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein remodeling during catalytic activation of the spliceosome’, Science (New York, N.Y.), 298(5601), 2205–2208.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Arifin, S.M.N., Madey, G.R. & Collins, F.H., 2016, Spatial Agent-Based Simulation Modeling in Public Health, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, NJ.

An edited book

Xu, J., 2014, Innovative Approaches Towards Low Carbon Economics: Regional Development Cybernetics, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

A chapter in an edited book

Vollbrecht, M., Malsch, A., Hook, M.L., Simpson, M.R., Khan, A. & Malone, M.L., 2015, ‘Acute Care for Elders (ACE) Tracker and e-Geriatrician Telemedicine Programs’, in M.L. Malone, E.A. Capezuti & R.M. Palmer (eds.), Geriatrics Models of Care: Bringing ‘Best Practice’ to an Aging America, pp. 51–56, Springer International Publishing, Cham.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for African Journal of Disability.

Blog post

Andrew, E., 2015, The Dusky Dottyback, A Master Of Disguise In The Animal World, IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office, 1972, Review of Accounts, CAB Through June 30, 1971, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Richardson, C., 2005, Edgard Varèse and the Visual Avant-Garde: A Comparative Study of Intégrales and Works of Art by Marcel Duchamp – PhD thesis, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH .

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Wagner, J., 2016, The Mets Blow a Lead, but a Hunch Pays Off, New York Times, p. B13.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Running 2012).
This sentence cites two references (Pevzner & Shamir 2009; Running 2012).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Pevzner & Shamir 2009)
Three or more authors: (Makarov et al. 2002)

About the journal

Full journal title	African Journal of Disability
ISSN (print)	2223-9170
ISSN (online)	2226-7220
Scope