How to format your references using the Academic Questions citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Academic Questions. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Find the style here: output styles overview
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Dijkstra, Johannes M. 2014. TH2 and Treg candidate genes in elephant shark. Nature 511: E7-9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Ewing, Rodney C., and Frank N. von Hippel. 2009. Energy. Nuclear waste management in the United States--starting over. Science (New York, N.Y.) 325: 151–152.

A journal article with 3 authors

Changela, A., R. J. DiGate, and A. Mondragón. 2001. Crystal structure of a complex of a type IA DNA topoisomerase with a single-stranded DNA molecule. Nature 411: 1077–1081.

A journal article with 11 or more authors

Lu, Wanyi, Andy Ridgwell, Ellen Thomas, Dalton S. Hardisty, Genming Luo, Thomas J. Algeo, Matthew R. Saltzman, et al. 2018. Late inception of a resiliently oxygenated upper ocean. Science (New York, N.Y.) 361: 174–177.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Center for Chemical Process Safety. 2007. Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Visker, Rudi. 2005. The Inhuman Condition: Looking for Difference after Levinas and Heidegger. Edited by R. Bernet, J. Taminiaux, S. IJsseling, H. Leonardy, D. Lories, and U. Melle. Vol. 175. Phaenomenologica. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

A chapter in an edited book

Scattolin, Nicola, Serena Zanolla, Antonio Rodà, and Sergio Canazza. 2013. SoundingARM Assisted Representation of a Map. In Human Aspects in Ambient Intelligence: Contemporary Challenges and Solutions, ed. Tibor Bosse, Diane J. Cook, Mark Neerincx, and Fariba Sadri, 73–86. Atlantis Ambient and Pervasive Intelligence. Paris: Atlantis Press.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Academic Questions.

Blog post

Andrew, Danielle. 2016. Interactive Body Map: Physical Inactivity And The Risks To Your Health. IFLScience. IFLScience. December 12.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. 2013. In-Car Location-Based Services: Companies Are Taking Steps to Protect Privacy, but Some Risks May Not Be Clear to Consumers. GAO-14-81. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Vargo, Gregory. 2010. Social protest and the novel: Chartism, the radical press, and early Victorian fiction. Doctoral dissertation, New York, NY: Columbia University.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Saslow, Linda. 2007. Nassau Has $100 Million for Open Space. New York Times, January 28.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [1].
This sentence cites two references [1, 2].
This sentence cites four references [1–4].

About the journal

Full journal title	Academic Questions
Abbreviation	Acad. Quest.
ISSN (print)	0895-4852
ISSN (online)	1936-4709
Scope	Education