How to format your references using the Pharmacotherapy citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Pharmacotherapy. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Lucchitta I. Comment on “Apatite 4He/3He and (U-Th)/He evidence for an ancient Grand Canyon.” Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):143.

A journal article with 2 authors

Smock RG, Gierasch LM. Sending signals dynamically. Science. 2009 Apr 10;324(5924):198–203.

A journal article with 3 authors

Maurya SR, Chaturvedi D, Mahalakshmi R. Modulating lipid dynamics and membrane fluidity to drive rapid folding of a transmembrane barrel. Sci Rep. 2013;3:1989.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Kim AS, Kakalis LT, Abdul-Manan N, Liu GA, Rosen MK. Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein. Nature. 2000 Mar 9;404(6774):151–8.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Mattone J, Vaidya N. Cultural Transformations. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2016.

An edited book

De Cecco CN, Laghi A, Schoepf UJ, Meinel FG, editors. Dual Energy CT in Oncology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. VII, 154 p. 76 illus., 67 illus. in color.

A chapter in an edited book

Goto K. Parameters for detection of Alicyclobacillus and test methods. In: Yokota A, Fujii T, Goto K, editors. Alicyclobacillus: Thermophilic Acidophilic Bacilli. Tokyo: Springer Japan; 2007. p. 49–78.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Pharmacotherapy.

Blog post

Andrew E. Scientists Strap Cameras On Squid To Observe Their Flashy Behavior [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2015 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/scientists-strap-cameras-squid-observe-their-flashy-behavior/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Committee on Governmental Affairs: Alleged Senate Compromise of NASA Complainant’s Identity. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1994 Jul. Report No.: OSI-94-30.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Kurtz WA. Under the Balaclava: A Case Study Examining Habits Within the Identity of Elite Counterterrorists [Doctoral dissertation]. [Washington, DC]: George Washington University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Barron J. Donated Slides From the Met Get a Second Life, and Viewing. New York Times. 2017 Apr 16;A15.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Pharmacotherapy
Abbreviation	Pharmacotherapy
ISSN (print)	0277-0008
ISSN (online)	1875-9114
Scope	Pharmacology (medical)