How to format your references using the PAIN citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for PAIN. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Ratner M. Pushing electrons around. Nature 2000;404:137–138.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Lu Q, Lemke G. Homeostatic regulation of the immune system by receptor tyrosine kinases of the Tyro 3 family. Science 2001;293:306–311.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Nishida K, Montagner J-P, Kawakatsu H. Global surface wave tomography using seismic hum. Science 2009;326:112.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Srour M, Rivière J-B, Pham JMT, Dubé M-P, Girard S, Morin S, Dion PA, Asselin G, Rochefort D, Hince P, Diab S, Sharafaddinzadeh N, Chouinard S, Théoret H, Charron F, Rouleau GA. Mutations in DCC cause congenital mirror movements. Science 2010;328:592.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Paul S. Digital Video Distribution in Broadband, Television, Mobile and Converged Networks. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010.

An edited book

[1]

Carmo Nicoletti M do, Jain LC eds. Computational Intelligence Techniques for Bioprocess Modelling, Supervision and Control. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Wilson RJ, Miner MH. Measurement of Male Sexual Arousal and Interest Using Penile Plethysmography and Viewing Time. In: Laws DR, O’Donohue W, editors. Treatment of Sex Offenders: Strengths and Weaknesses in Assessment and Intervention. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. pp. 107–131.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for PAIN.

Blog post

[1]

Andrews R. Ancient Pterosaur Used Four Huge Fangs To Snack On Ancient Crocodiles. IFLScience 2015. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/ancient-pterosaur-used-four-huge-fangs-snack-ancient-crocodiles/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Information Technology: Comments on Proposed OMB Guidance for Implementing the Government Paperwork Elimination Act. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

O’Neal L. What’s in Your Toolbox?: Examining Tool Choices at Two Middle and Late Woodland-Period Sites on Florida’s Central Gulf Coast [Doctoral dissertation]. Tampa, FL: University of South Florida. (2016).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Wagner J. Reyes May Dabble in Outfield as Mets Seek More Versatility. New York Times 2016:B12.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [3,4].
This sentence cites four references [3,5,6,8].

About the journal

Full journal title	PAIN
Abbreviation	Pain
ISSN (print)	0304-3959
ISSN (online)	1872-6623
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology