How to format your references using the PAIN citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for PAIN. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Elvis M. Let’s mine asteroids--for science and profit. Nature 2012;485:549.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Modlin RL, Bloom BR. Immunology. Chip shots--will functional genomics get functional? Science 2001;294:799–801.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Kayser MS, Yue Z, Sehgal A. A critical period of sleep for development of courtship circuitry and behavior in Drosophila. Science 2014;344:269–274.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Royer DL, Wing SL, Beerling DJ, Jolley DW, Koch PL, Hickey LJ, Berner RA. Paleobotanical evidence for near present-day levels of atmospheric Co2 during part of the tertiary. Science 2001;292:2310–2313.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Burghardt G, Walls B. Managed Futures for Institutional Investors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011.

An edited book

[1]

Ben-Chaim D, Keret Y, Ilany B-S eds. Ratio and Proportion: Research and Teaching in Mathematics Teachers’ Education (Pre- and In-Service Mathematics Teachers of Elementary and Middle School Classes). Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Comstock RD, Dahab KS, James DA. Epidemiology of Injury in High School Sports. In: Caine D, Purcell L, editors. Injury in Pediatric and Adolescent Sports: Epidemiology, Treatment and Prevention. Contemporary Pediatric and Adolescent Sports Medicine. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. pp. 51–67.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for PAIN.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. Scientists Investigate A Popular Theory On The Origin Of Life. IFLScience 2014. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/chemistry/scientists-investigate-popular-theory-origin-life/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. B-2 Bomber: Initial Flight Tests. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Perfitt T. Megaphone: Fault tolerant, scalable, and trustworthy peer-to-peer microblogging [Doctoral dissertation]. Long Beach, CA: California State University, Long Beach. (2009).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Hennessey S. Did Trump Violate His Oath of Office? New York Times 2017:A25.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2,4].
This sentence cites four references [2,5,6,8].

About the journal

Full journal title	PAIN
Abbreviation	Pain
ISSN (print)	0304-3959
ISSN (online)	1872-6623
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology