How to format your references using the PAIN citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for PAIN. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

[1]

Lane J. Science innovation. Assessing the impact of science funding. Science 2009;324:1273–1275.

A journal article with 2 authors

[1]

Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer. Science 2015;348:62–68.

A journal article with 3 authors

[1]

Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F, Escribano J. Botany: floral fluorescence effect. Nature 2005;437:334.

A journal article with 4 or more authors

[1]

Gur I, Fromer NA, Geier ML, Alivisatos AP. Air-stable all-inorganic nanocrystal solar cells processed from solution. Science 2005;310:462–465.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

[1]

Raczynski S. Modeling and Simulation. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006.

An edited book

[1]

Anderson RE ed. World Suffering and Quality of Life. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015.

A chapter in an edited book

[1]

Shivanna KR, Tandon R. Pollen Biology. In: Tandon R, editor. Reproductive Ecology of Flowering Plants: A Manual. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. pp. 35–50.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for PAIN.

Blog post

[1]

Andrew E. How Testosterone And Oxytocin Hormones Interact In Male Work And Parenting Effort. IFLScience 2015. Available: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/how-testosterone-and-oxytocin-hormones-interact-male-work-and-parenting-effort/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

[1]

Government Accountability Office. Tax System Modernization: Status of On-Line Files Initiative and Telecommunications Planning. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

[1]

Sanabria A. Root Metaphor [Doctoral dissertation]. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. (2012).

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

[1]

Ortved J. Enter, Hermès, West Coast Style. New York Times 2017:ST14.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in square brackets:

This sentence cites one reference [2].
This sentence cites two references [2,4].
This sentence cites four references [4,6–8].

About the journal

Full journal title	PAIN
Abbreviation	Pain
ISSN (print)	0304-3959
ISSN (online)	1872-6623
Scope	Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Clinical Neurology Neurology