How to format your references using the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Bohannon J. Science careers. From greener production to carbon trading: sustainable energy careers. Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):868–9.

A journal article with 2 authors

Mehta RS, Wainwright PC. Raptorial jaws in the throat help moray eels swallow large prey. Nature. 2007 Sep 6;449(7158):79–82.

A journal article with 3 authors

Fuchs B, Sornette D, Thurner S. Fractal multi-level organisation of human groups in a virtual world. Sci Rep. 2014 Oct 6;4:6526.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Oana K, Oma Y, Suo S, Takahashi MP, Nishino I, Takeda S, et al. Manumycin A corrects aberrant splicing of Clcn1 in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) mice. Sci Rep. 2013;3:2142.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Scheer J. Failed Bridges. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2010.

An edited book

Bartolini C, Gaspary LP, editors. Integrated Management of Systems, Services, Processes and People in IT: 20th IFIP/IEEE International Workshop on Distributed Systems: Operations and Management, DSOM 2009, Venice, Italy, October 27-28, 2009. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. XII, 191 p. (Lecture Notes in Computer Science; vol. 5841).

A chapter in an edited book

Rajruangrabin J, Ranatunga I, Popa DO. Adaptive Interface Mapping for Intuitive Teleoperation of Multi-DOF Robots. In: Herrmann G, Studley M, Pearson M, Conn A, Melhuish C, Witkowski M, et al., editors. Advances in Autonomous Robotics: Joint Proceedings of the 13th Annual TAROS Conference and the 15th Annual FIRA RoboWorld Congress, Bristol, UK, August 20-23, 2012. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012. p. 49–60. (Hutchison D, Kanade T, Kittler J, Kleinberg JM, Mattern F, Mitchell JC, et al., editors. Lecture Notes in Computer Science).

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography.

Blog post

Andrew E. 13.7 Billion Years Of Galaxy Formation In 46 Seconds [Internet]. IFLScience. IFLScience; 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/space/137-billion-years-galaxy-formation-46-seconds/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Taxpayer Information: Increased Sharing and Verifying of Information Could Improve Education’s Award Decisions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2003 Jul. Report No.: GAO-03-821.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Ressler KM. The path to leadership for Native American women at North Dakota tribal colleges [Doctoral dissertation]. [Minneapolis, MN]: Capella University; 2008.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Gustines GG. Miles to Go Before He Sings. New York Times. 2013 Mar 10;MB2.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography
Abbreviation	J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr.
ISSN (print)	0894-7317
ISSN (online)	1097-6795
Scope	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging