How to format your references using the Journal of Surgical Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Surgical Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Batey RT. Structural biology: Lariat lessons. Nature. 2014;514(7521):173-174.

A journal article with 2 authors

Spalding MD, Brown BE. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science. 2015;350(6262):769-771.

A journal article with 3 authors

Murray B, Huntress WT Jr, Friedman LD. Mars outposts: a planetary society approach to exploration. Nature. 2001;412(6843):254-255.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Trotman LC, Alimonti A, Scaglioni PP, Koutcher JA, Cordon-Cardo C, Pandolfi PP. Identification of a tumour suppressor network opposing nuclear Akt function. Nature. 2006;441(7092):523-527.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Henden J. Beating Combat Stress. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2011.

An edited book

Baleanu D, Machado JAT, Luo ACJ, eds. Fractional Dynamics and Control. Springer; 2012.

A chapter in an edited book

Seffah A, Metzker E. ACUE Architecture and Components. In: Seffah A, Metzker E, eds. Adoption-Centric Usability Engineering: Systematic Deployment, Assessment and Improvement of Usability Methods in Software Engineering. Springer; 2009:59-71.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Surgical Education.

Blog post

Fang J. Scientists Reconstruct the Life of a Teenage Girl from the Contents of a 3,400-Year-Old Coffin. IFLScience. Published May 27, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2018. https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/scientists-reconstruct-life-teenage-girl-contents-3400-year-old-coffin/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Next Generation Air Transportation System: Linking Test Facilities Can Help Leverage Resources and Improve Technology Transfer Efforts. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2011.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Jordan VS. A Mixed Methodology Exploration of White Female Pre-Service Teachers’ Discussions of Race and Gender through Presentations of Counternarratives in Children’s Literature Books. Doctoral dissertation. George Washington University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Kelly M. THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: In His Own Words; On TV, a Very Public Education for Ross Perot. New York Times. June 4, 1992:A18.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Surgical Education
Abbreviation	J. Surg. Educ.
ISSN (print)	1931-7204
Scope	Surgery Education

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