How to format your references using the Journal of Surgical Education citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Journal of Surgical Education. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Macilwain C. Charm, not tact, aided pioneer in fight for physics. Nature. 2000;403(6770):586-587.

A journal article with 2 authors

Hopkins R, Rausher MD. Pollinator-mediated selection on flower color allele drives reinforcement. Science. 2012;335(6072):1090-1092.

A journal article with 3 authors

Ng B, Cai W, Walsh K. The role of the SST-thermocline relationship in Indian Ocean Dipole skewness and its response to global warming. Sci Rep. 2014;4:6034.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Nicoll RA, Mellor J, Frerking M, Schmitz D. Kainate receptors and synaptic plasticity. Nature. 2000;406(6799):957.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Thatcher A. God, Sex, and Gender. Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.

An edited book

Malyshkin V, ed. Parallel Computing Technologies: 10th International Conference, PaCT 2009, Novosibirsk, Russia, August 31-September 4, 2009. Proceedings. Vol 5698. Springer; 2009.

A chapter in an edited book

About I. Pulp Vascularization and Its Regulation by the Microenvironment. In: Goldberg M, ed. The Dental Pulp: Biology, Pathology, and Regenerative Therapies. Springer; 2014:61-74.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Journal of Surgical Education.

Blog post

Andrew E. Fossilized Feces Gives Clues To Ancient Microbes. IFLScience.

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Biosurveillance: Observations on the Cancellation of BioWatch Gen-3 and Future Considerations for the Program. U.S. Government Printing Office; 2014.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Khaleghi FK. Evaluating Satisfaction of Participants within the Outreach and Engagement Program of MECCA. Doctoral dissertation. Pepperdine University; 2017.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Hodgman J. Bonus Advice From Judge John Hodgman. New York Times. July 7, 2017:MM22.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Journal of Surgical Education
Abbreviation	J. Surg. Educ.
ISSN (print)	1931-7204
Scope	Surgery Education