How to format your references using the Functional Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Functional Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Kono, M. (2006). Geophysics. Ships’ logs and archeomagnetism. Science (New York, N.Y.), 312(5775), 865–866.

A journal article with 2 authors

Gavrilets, S., & Losos, J. B. (2009). Adaptive radiation: contrasting theory with data. Science (New York, N.Y.), 323(5915), 732–737.

A journal article with 3 authors

Song, H., Stevens, C. F., & Gage, F. H. (2002). Astroglia induce neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells. Nature, 417(6884), 39–44.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Islahudin, F., Tindall, S. M., Mellor, I. R., Swift, K., Christensen, H. E. M., Fone, K. C. F., … Avery, S. V. (2014). The antimalarial drug quinine interferes with serotonin biosynthesis and action. Scientific Reports, 4, 3618.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Paterson, S., & Tobias, K. (2012). Atlas of ear diseases of the dog and cat. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,.

An edited book

Rutkowski, L., Korytkowski, M., Scherer, R., Tadeusiewicz, R., Zadeh, L. A., & Zurada, J. M. (Eds.). (2012). Swarm and Evolutionary Computation: International Symposia, SIDE 2012 and EC 2012, Held in Conjunction with ICAISC 2012, Zakopane, Poland, April 29-May 3, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Foss, S., Korshunov, D., & Zachary, S. (2011). Maximum of Random Walk. In D. Korshunov & S. Zachary (Eds.), An Introduction to Heavy-Tailed and Subexponential Distributions (pp. 97–118). New York, NY: Springer.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Functional Ecology.

Blog post

Andrew, D. (2015, August 11). Watch As Laboratory Animals See Sunlight And Feel Grass For The First Time. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from IFLScience website: https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/animals-see-sunlight-and-feel-grass-first-time/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1984). Tax Information Safeguard Activity Annual Report (No. GGD-84-83). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Oates, P. E. (2009). Leadership transactions impacting transformation (Doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Burghardt, L. F. (2006, January 1). The Legacies They Left. New York Times, p. 14LI7.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Kono, 2006).
This sentence cites two references (Gavrilets & Losos, 2009; Kono, 2006).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Gavrilets & Losos, 2009)
Three authors: (Song, Stevens, & Gage, 2002)
6 or more authors: (Islahudin et al., 2014)

About the journal

Full journal title	Functional Ecology
Abbreviation	Funct. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics