How to format your references using the Functional Ecology citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Functional Ecology. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Meier, R. P. (2000). Diminishing diversity of signed languages. Science (New York, N.Y.), 288(5473), 1965b.

A journal article with 2 authors

Premkumar, L. S., & Ahern, G. P. (2000). Induction of vanilloid receptor channel activity by protein kinase C. Nature, 408(6815), 985–990.

A journal article with 3 authors

Daeschler, E. B., Shubin, N. H., & Jenkins, F. A., Jr. (2006). A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan. Nature, 440(7085), 757–763.

A journal article with 8 or more authors

Lim, B., Jiang, M., Camargo, P. H. C., Cho, E. C., Tao, J., Lu, X., … Xia, Y. (2009). Pd-Pt bimetallic nanodendrites with high activity for oxygen reduction. Science (New York, N.Y.), 324(5932), 1302–1305.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Szylar, C. (2013). Risk Management under UCITS III/IV. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An edited book

Bremer, E. G., Hakenberg, J., Han, E.-H. (sam), Berrar, D., & Dubitzky, W. (Eds.). (2006). Knowledge Discovery in Life Science Literature: PAKDD 2006 International Workshop, KDLL 2006, Singapore, April 9, 2006. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

A chapter in an edited book

Sumpter, L. (2015). Preschool Teachers’ Conceptions about Mathematics. In C. Bernack-Schüler, R. Erens, T. Leuders, & A. Eichler (Eds.), Views and Beliefs in Mathematics Education: Results of the 19th MAVI Conference (pp. 55–66). Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Functional Ecology.

Blog post

Davis, J. (2016, December 20). Researchers Develop World’s First Vaccine To Fight The Chikungunya Virus. Retrieved October 30, 2018, from IFLScience website: https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/researchers-develop-worlds-first-vaccine-to-fight-the-chikungunya-virus/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. (1997). Air Traffic Control: Immature Software Acquisition Processes Increase FAA System Acquisition Risks (No. AIMD-97-47). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Lutchman, C. (2008). Leadership impact on turnover among power engineers in the Oil Sands of Alberta (Doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ.

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

James, S. (2017, June 21). There Goes the Gayborhood. New York Times, p. F6.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by name and year in parentheses:

This sentence cites one reference (Meier, 2000).
This sentence cites two references (Meier, 2000; Premkumar & Ahern, 2000).

Here are examples of in-text citations with multiple authors:

Two authors: (Premkumar & Ahern, 2000)
Three authors: (Daeschler, Shubin, & Jenkins, 2006)
6 or more authors: (Lim et al., 2009)

About the journal

Full journal title	Functional Ecology
Abbreviation	Funct. Ecol.
ISSN (print)	0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
Scope	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics