How to format your references using the Chest citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Chest. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors.

Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

Paperpile	The citation style is built in and you can choose it in Settings > Citation Style or Paperpile > Citation Style in Google Docs.
EndNote	Download the output style file
Mendeley, Zotero, Papers, and others	The style is either built in or you can download a CSL file that is supported by most references management programs.
BibTeX	BibTeX syles are usually part of a LaTeX template. Check the instructions to authors if the publisher offers a LaTeX template for this journal.

Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

A journal article with 1 author

Betancourt JL. PALEOCLIMATE: The Amazon Reveals Its Secrets--Partly. Science 2000;290(5500):2274–2275.

A journal article with 2 authors

Evans WE, Relling MV. Moving towards individualized medicine with pharmacogenomics. Nature 2004;429(6990):464–468.

A journal article with 3 authors

Saborio GP, Permanne B, Soto C. Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding. Nature 2001;411(6839):810–813.

A journal article with 7 or more authors

Bouchard L-S, Burt SR, Anwar MS, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Pines A. NMR imaging of catalytic hydrogenation in microreactors with the use of para-hydrogen. Science 2008;319(5862):442–445.

Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

An authored book

Klerk A de. Fischer-Tropsch Refining. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; 2011.

An edited book

Alvarez RH. Handbook of HER2-Targeted Agents in Breast Cancer. 2nd ed. 2016. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016.

A chapter in an edited book

Nizhnikau R, Alvari N. Ice Hockey World Championship in Belarus: Political Context. In: Makarychev A, Yatsyk A, editors. Mega Events in Post-Soviet Eurasia: Shifting Borderlines of Inclusion and Exclusion. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US; 2016. p. 79–97.

Web sites

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Chest.

Blog post

Luntz S. Triple Simultaneous Lightning Strike [Internet]. IFLScience. 2014 [cited 2018 Oct 30];Available from: https://www.iflscience.com/environment/triple-simultaneous-lightning-strike/

Reports

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

Government report

Government Accountability Office. Guaranty Agency Finances. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1996.

Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

Doctoral dissertation

Large KG. A study of Statewide Transfer and Articulation Reporting System (STARS) approved courses completed at an Alabama community college. 2008;

News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

New York Times article

Searcey D, Hartocollis A, Buettner R, Chen DW. Speaker Silver, a Rare Cancer and State Cash. New York Times. 2015;A1.

In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript:

This sentence cites one reference ¹.
This sentence cites two references ^1,2.
This sentence cites four references ^1–4.

About the journal

Full journal title	Chest
Abbreviation	Chest
ISSN (print)	0012-3692
ISSN (online)	1931-3543
Scope	Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine